The real world is being transferred into the cyber world, and sensor technology is playing a critical role in future society by translating physical information into electronic data. Powered by this data, we are creating new value and predicting future trends. Sensor engineering and nanotechnology have produced some of the most sensitive analytical platforms for chemical and biological information, with many achieving single-molecule resolution, including gas, ion, protein, lipid, and nucleic acid detection. There is significant motivation to extend such sensor platforms to real-world, multiscale chemical and biological engineering applications, ranging from environmental monitoring, pipelines, and transportation to human health and even microorganisms. These platforms innovate the chemical and biological engineering.